Nigeria experienced multiple cVDPV2 outbreaks during 2005-2015 as well as ongoing transmission after cVDPV2 importation in 2013 because of vulnerability to emergence and spread of cVDPV2 from the predominant use of mOPV1, mOPV3 and bOPV during 2005-2014 SIAs, coupled with chronically low routine
tOPV coverage (6).
All booths were using
tOPV. Regarding booth accessibility, i.e., appropriateness of booth location 67 booths were accessible and 5 booths had inaccessible booth location.
vaccinated Dates population children 2015 Sep 16-19 1,142,259 1,175,963 Sep 28-Oct 1 1,175,963 1,224,364 Dec 5-8 2,523,431 2,497,033 2016 Jan 28-31 2,611,902 2,738,818 Mar 3-6 2,611,902 2,883,669 Apr 7-10 2,880,679 3,066,638 Apr 25-28 787,399 908,092 Oct 6-9 3,187,032 3,330,472 Dec 2-5 3,348,132 3,706,752 Vaccination Dates coverage, % Vaccine type 2015 Sep 16-19 102.95
tOPV Sep 28-Oct 1 104.12
tOPV Dec 5-8 98.95
tOPV 2016 Jan 28-31 104.86
tOPV Mar 3-6 110.40
tOPV Apr 7-10 106.46
tOPV Apr 25-28 115.33
tOPV Oct 6-9 105.00 bOPV Dec 2-5 110.70 bOPV * Vaccination coverage rates >100% result from vaccination of children who are not part of the initial target because of the movement of the population.
Second, it called for all countries to replace
tOPV with a bivalent vaccine containing only types 1 and 3 by 2016.
On July 23, 2015, 18 days after his second dose of
tOPV, he developed a fever, concomitant cough, some phlegm, and his body temperature reached 40[degrees]C.
The
TOPV to BOPV switch implies that BOPV will replace
TOPV in all types of vaccination activities like routine immunization and polio campaigns throughout the world including Pakistan.
Director EPI Dr Munir Ahmed said: "The
TOPV vaccine includes all 3 types of polio virus.
Hence, the high conductive polymeric thin film, PEDOT:PSS, is considered to be the anodic buffer layer that alleviates the exciton quenching in our
TOPV devices.
Even more problematic here has been the difficulty in achieving successful immunisation, even with multiple rounds of vaccination, because of very high population density, crowding and high levels of diarrhoeal disease interfering with the immunogenicity of
TOPV. (15) Fortunately, recent studies in Uttar Pradesh using high-potency monovalent type 1 polio vaccine, mOPV1, have demonstrated a protective efficacy about 3 times that of
TOPV and have raised hopes that multiple rounds (7-8) of mOPV1 as well as mOPV3, as appropriate, may be effective in eliminating transmission in this difficult region.
In 1976 in Vellore mOPVs induced 2 to 2 1/2 times higher SCR for types 1 and 3, than
tOPV (4).
After the certification of the eradication of WPV2, a global switch from trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (
tOPV, containing vaccine virus types 1, 2, and 3) to bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV, containing types 1 and 3) was completed in April 2016.
Director EPI Dr Munir Ahmed said: The
TOPV vaccine includes all 3 types of polio virus.